Dr. Hein’s research program incorporates precision environmental health and precision medicine. This includes research in personalized medicine and individual susceptibility to environmental diseases. Research in molecular epidemiology identifies individuals genetically susceptible to the development of cancer and other diseases from environmental and occupational chemicals to focus treatment and prevention public health strategies on those at greatest risk. Research in pharmacogenetics/genomics and personalized/precision medicine improves our understanding of the genetic causes for drug failure and/or drug toxicity to optimize clinical drug therapy for each individual patient. Research in functional genomics improves understanding of the mechanistic and clinical consequences of genetic variation in the biotransformation of environmental chemicals, carcinogens, and drugs. The research program has been funded by grants and contracts from the National Institutes of Health and other federal and private foundations and industry.